Chapter+22

Chapter 22
=__Big Ideas__= 1. **Louis Napoleon and his role in France**: After a long period of political instability in France, a conservative monarchy was established, with a suppressed form of elections for public office. When Louis Napoleon was elected as president in 1948, he soon gained the adoration of most of the French people. After a Coup detat in 1851, Napoleon seized power and held an authoritarian-like grip on government. The Second Napoleonic Empire was created in which a new form of liberalism spawned. Male suffrage was universal, new investment banks were created, government subsidies were used to rebuild French infrastructure, and industrial workers reached a higher standard of living. After teaming up with the British during the Crimean War to help knock out the power that Russia held, France continued on into the Franco-Prussian War. After a miserable defeat in 1871, the French were ordered to repay 5 billion Francs to Prussia and to rescind the territories of Alsace and Lorraine. Overall, the Frenchy government experienced many contrasting types of government which were implemented and removed from the 19th Century up until the the start of World War I.

2. **The unification of both Italy and Germany**: In 1850, Austria was the dominant power on the Italian peninsula. Earlier in the 19th Century, some Italian liberals and nationalists had tried to achieve unification, many of whom favored the idea of "risorgimento" in which a Republican Italy would be created. After a large Italian army had been created, the Italian and the French teamed up to rid Italy of the Austrians. The Kingdom of Italy was ultimately created when the Austrians were forced out. Italy then annexed Venetia and Rome into its Empire. In the second half of the 18th Century, Germany was still a loose confederation of states that desperately needed to unify. In Prussia, Otto von Bismarck became minister-president, and quickly went to work. Bismarck pushed Prussia first into the Danish War in 1864 and then into the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, both of which were successful victories for Prussia. After Prussia had gained complete control over northern Germany, a war between France and Prussia resulted. After a third victory, Prussia became the leader of Germany and unified the various German states, creating a new balance of power in Europe.

3. **Socioeconomic ideas of Karl Marx**: Karl Marx wrote the "Communist Manifesto" in 1848. In this work, specific ideas concerning both economic and social liberal-isms were discussed. Marx believed in the common ownership of property and the equal liability of all to labor. Several of Marx's ideas include: Hegalian dialectic (a prevailing idea conflicts with an opposing idea), dialectical materialism (society is a reflection of economics), class struggle (dominant classes exist in every society), and the potential of an inevitable revolution. The ideas of Marx branched into Socialism, Communism and various other economic, social, and political developments, ultimately leading to many different nation states throughout Europe and Asia. It can be argued that the ideas of Marx were a major contributing factor to both World War One and Two.

4. **Scientific advances of Charles Darwin**: After an extensive voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle during the 18th Century, Darwin wrote his most famous work "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection." After surveying numerous animals on several different islands and a few continents, Darwin noticed several similarities between some species of birds and reptiles. He came to the conclusion that these species all had similar ancestors from which they each independently evolved from via natural selection. Natural selection allowed those individuals with favorable traits to continue on while those with less advanced or less favorable traits died out. Later on, Darwin essentially mapped out the descent of the modern human, writing that humans have animal origins. His ideas have become what is known as the Theory of Evolution, a major advancement in biology that connects all living creatures.

=__Essential Questions__= 1. How did Louis Napoleon turn France into a "liberal empire?" 2. In what ways did Austria and France contribute to the unification of both Italy and Germany? 3. How did the ideas of Marx later influence Europe? And how were they recieved in his own time? 4. What were the major ideas of Darwin concerning evolution? How were they recieved in his own time?

=__Primary Sources__= 1. Written source: [|Communist Manifesto] -This document entertains the idea of a classless society in which all property is publicly owned and all humans are equal. -"The essential conditions for the existence and for the sway of the bourgeois class is the formation and augmentation of capital; the condition for capital is wage-labour. Wage-labour rests exclusively on competition between the labourers. The advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie, replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition, by the revolutionary combination, due to association. The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. "

2. Visual source: [|Charles Darwin sketch] -A sketch of Darwin's detailing a Galapagos Tortoise.

=__﻿Map__= -Map depicting Prussia and Unified Germany after the Franco-Prussian War

=__﻿Key Terms__= 1. Positivism 2. "Liberal empire" 3. Balance of power 4. Risorgimento 5. Atheism 6. Communism 7. Annexation 8. Infrastructure 9. Suffrage 10. Natural selection