Chapter+15

= Chapter 15 =

__**Big Ideas:**__

1. Students should understand the major causes (tensions between __Calvinist__ and __Lutheran__ principles, __Habsburg__ Emperors vs. Princes) and significance of **The 30 Years War**. They should be aware of the four phases (Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and Franco-Swedish) and the major events and leaders of each. Students should be able to explain how the 30 Years War resulted in all German states (princes, not individuals) being able to change their religion, France gaining a boarder in Western Germany, Habsburg rulers losing strength, and the HRE splitting up into individual nation-states. Students should understand that this was the last major religious war in Europe. War shifted from religious motives to political ones after the 30 Years War. Loss of life and new military tactics were also important results of this war.

2. Students should understand that the concept of **Absolutism** meant that the king possessed absolute power given to him/her by divine right. __Bishop Jacques Boussuet__ was the main theorist on absolutism and believed that God gave power to the king to create order. Therefore, God ruled the people through the kings and kings were responsible to no one but God. Absolutism is an important concept in order to understand 17th Century France. __Cardinal Richelieu__ was the first absolutist ruler and eliminated rights given to Huguenots from the Edict of Nantes, among other things. __Cardinal Mazarin__ was Richelieu's successor. __Louis XIV__ was the next absolutist ruler in France. Louis built Versailles in order to control the nobles and used intendants in order to prevent the nobles to have a say in government. Louis attempted to expand France by engaging in many wars. He also became involved in the __War of Spanish Succession__, which was a war that was caused by the fear that France and Spain would unite and dominate Europe (throw off balance of power). This war would end with the Treaty of Utrecht. Many leaders of other countries followed in France's footsteps by becoming absolute monarchs as well.

3. Students should understand that England was experiencing political and religious upheaval during the 17th century, however, the monarchy was able to remain a strong driving force of the government. Firstly, James I alienated his chief supporters, the Calvinists, Puritans, and Presbyterians, because he wanted to keep power over the church. Then Charles I became angry because Parliament was limiting his power so Charles I simply stopped calling Parliament to meet. Due to religious discourse, the Scottish revolt happened and Charles had no choice but to call Parliament into session. Parliament limited the king's power even more and split because some members of Parliament wanted to put Charles back in with the Presbyterian state church and the other members opposed an established Presbyterian state church. Charles I then fled to Scotland, but Oliver Cromwell began the civil war and captured the king and had him beheaded. England was declared a republic with Cromwell as the ruler. The government was now based on army control (dictatorship). After Cromwell's death, the military decided that they need a king so Charles II (son of Charles I) becomes king of England. James II (Charles II's successor) becomes king, which is an issue because he is Catholic. Students should know that the Glorious Revolution occurred because Parliament declared the throne vacant because Charles II broke the contract between him and his people. William and Mary became rulers and enacted a Bill of Rights, which stated that the king was set up by Parliament and not God.

4. Art during the 17th Century changed dramatically. One major artistic movement, Mannerism, rejected balance and proportion of the past realist artistic eras. Baroque artists brought Renaissance classicism and spirituality together into one movement. There were different variations in different nation-states. Fore example, French Classicism rejects emotionalism, but keeps grandeur while Dutch realism paralleled economic prosperity. In England, the Elizabethan age was crowned by Shakespeare’s literature and theater. Shakspeare's work completely changed the english language by essentially making up phrases like "dead as a doornail", "in a pickle", "eye drops", "eyeball", "what's done is done", "fool's paradise", even "un" (unaware, unhand, unwilling, unswayed, unchanging, unreal) and even more. In Spain, Lope de Vega was the center of Spanish theater. In France, drama derived themes from Greek and Roman sources unlike in England.

__**Essential Questions:**__ 1. How did religion and political upheaval influence the events and outcomes of the Thirty Years' War? 2. What were the chief characteristics of absolutism? 3. How did England overcome political upheaval and remain a major power in Europe? 4. How did art change from the 16th to 17th centuries?

Context: England's previously military-run government decided to reestablish the monarchy after Cromwell's death. This is parliament's declaration of loyalty and reestablishing power to the monarchy after civil war and a dictatorship. Link: http://www.constitution.org/primarysources/restoration.html
 * __Written Source #1:__** Declaration of Parliament and Restoration of Charles II to the throne of England (May 8, 1660)

Although it can no way be doubted but that his Majesty's right and title to his crowns and kingdoms is and was every way completed by the death of his royal father of glorious memory ( was beheaded by parliament itself previously ), without the ceremony or solemnity of a proclamation, yet since proclamations in such cases have been always used, to the end that good subjects might upon this occasion testify to their duty and respects, and since armed violence and other the calamities of these many years last past have hitherto deprived us of any such opportunity wherein we might express our loyalty and allegiance to his Majesty, we, therefore, the Lords and Commons now assembled in Parliament, together with the lord mayor, aldermen an commons of the city of London and other freemen of this kingdom now present, do, according to our duty and allegiance, heartily, joyfully and unanimously acknowledge and proclaim that immediately upon the decease of our late Sovereign Lord King Charles the imperial crown of the realm of England, and of all the kingdoms, dominions and rights belonging to the same, did by inheritance, birthright and lawful and undoubted succession descend and come to his most excellent Majesty Charles the Second, as being Iineally, justly and lawfully next heir of the blood royal of this realm, and that by the goodness and providence of almighty God he is of England, Scotland, France and Ireland the most potent, mighty and undoubted King, Defender of the Faith, &c. And thereunto we most humbly and faithfully do submit and oblige ourselves, our heirs and posterities for ever.

http://renownedart.com/Vermeer/Milkmaid/ This painting exemplifies the Baroque artistic movement. Baroque paintings frequently incorporated an emphasis for individual and an importance for detail. In this painting, Vermeer's attention to detail can be seen in the fabrics and textures he has portrayed. This style of painting is quite different from another branch of Baroque art, Rococo, which is much more intricate, although detail is important in both styles.
 * __ Visual Source #2: __** Johannes Vermeer's "The Kitchen Maid"




 * __Map:__**

This map is from the period of the 30 Years During the first phase of the war, the Bohemian Phase (1618-1921) the Boheians rose in revolt by deposing the Habsburgs and crowning Fredrick V as their king. Ferdinand II struck back, helped by Spain and Saxony. The Bohemians were defeated at White Mountain. During the next phase of the Thirty years war from 1621- 1624, Frederick V sought to regain the Rhenish Palatinate from Spain and the Catholic League. These efforts were supported by the Dutch. All of these efforts failed, however. During the Danish phase of the war (1625-1630) the french, English, and Dutch formed a league to oppose the Habsburgs. Christian IV of Denmark led the league but was defeated by the Catholic League. During the Swedish Phase (1630-1634), Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invaded northern Germany, but was not welcomed. His only ally was the French. After some failures, the swedish army took over most of southwest Germany. All gains were lost, however, when the Imperial and Spanish armies joined and defeated them. The Franco-Swedish phase (1634-1648) most German rulers made peace with the emperor and the French declared war on Spain. Gradually the Imperial forced were weakened. France took over much of the Rhineland and the Swedes took over northern Germany. The war ended with the Peace of Westphalia when the parties negotiated at Osnabruck and Munster.

__**Terms Students Should Know:**__ Battle of White Mountain Intendants Baroque Mannerism Edict of Nantes Hugenots Enlightened Absolutism Divine Right